Rosh Hashanah, often referred to as the Jewish New Year, is a pivotal and deeply significant holiday within the Jewish calendar. Its name literally translates from Hebrew as "Head of the Year," signifying its role as the spiritual commencement of the annual cycle. However, unlike secular New Year celebrations, Rosh Hashanah is not just a time for festivity; it is primarily a solemn period of introspection, prayer, and repentance.

When is Rosh Hashanah Celebrated?

This momentous holiday is observed on the 1st and 2nd days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei. According to the Jewish tradition, which marks the new day from sundown, Rosh Hashanah effectively begins on the evening of the 29th, and last, day of the preceding Hebrew month, Elul. This means the transition from Elul to Tishrei occurs at sunset, initiating the two-day observance.

To provide context, the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning its months are based on the cycles of the moon, but it is also adjusted periodically to align with the solar year, ensuring that holidays like Rosh Hashanah fall in their appropriate seasons. Consequently, the dates for Rosh Hashanah vary annually in the Gregorian calendar, typically falling in late September or early October. The month of Elul itself is traditionally a time of preparation, marked by daily sounding of the shofar (ram's horn) and special prayers, encouraging individuals to reflect on their actions of the past year and begin the process of Teshuvah (repentance).

Why Does Rosh Hashanah Last Two Days?

Rosh Hashanah stands out as the only Jewish holiday that is universally celebrated for two full days, even in the Land of Israel where most other festivals are observed for only one day. This unique duration underscores the profound importance of these days.

• Historical Origin: In ancient times, the precise start of a new month in the Hebrew calendar, which is determined by the sighting of the new moon, was announced by the Sanhedrin (the highest rabbinical court) in Jerusalem. For communities far from Jerusalem, there was an inherent uncertainty about when exactly the new moon had been sighted. To ensure the holiday was observed on the correct day, these distant communities would observe both possible days. While communication methods have advanced significantly, the rabbinic sages decreed that the tradition of observing two days for Rosh Hashanah should be maintained everywhere, including in Israel, as a means of emphasizing its unparalleled sanctity.
• "Yoma Arichta" (One Long Day): Spiritually, the two days of Rosh Hashanah are often regarded not as two separate days but as "Yoma Arichta," one long, extended day. This concept reinforces the idea that the intense spiritual focus and solemnity of the holiday cannot be contained within a single 24-hour period; it requires a prolonged stretch of time for deep introspection and prayer.

The Profound Significance and Themes of Rosh Hashanah

The emphasis on these days stems from a multifaceted theological significance:

• Yom Hadin (Day of Judgment): Rosh Hashanah is traditionally considered the day when God sits in judgment of all humanity. On this day, every person's deeds from the past year are reviewed, and their fate for the coming year is inscribed. While it is a day of serious accounting, it is also imbued with hope, as the inscription is not sealed until Yom Kippur, allowing a period for sincere repentance and prayer.
• Yom Hazikaron (Day of Remembrance): It is also the anniversary of the creation of the world, specifically the day Adam and Eve were created. This aspect highlights humanity's unique relationship with God and serves as a reminder of divine providence and the covenants God has made with His people.
• Coronation of God as King: Another central theme is the reaffirmation of God's sovereignty over the universe. Through prayers and the sounding of the shofar, the Jewish people symbolically "crown" God as King, acknowledging His ultimate authority and seeking His benevolent rule over their lives and the world.
• Beginning of the Aseret Yemei Teshuvah (Ten Days of Repentance): Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of a crucial ten-day period known as the "Ten Days of Repentance," which culminates in Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. These days are dedicated to intense prayer, self-reflection, and seeking forgiveness from both God and fellow human beings, preparing the soul for complete atonement.

The rituals associated with Rosh Hashanah, such as the blowing of the shofar – a piercing sound intended to awaken the soul to introspection – and the dipping of apples in honey, symbolizing a hope for a sweet new year, are deeply embedded within these profound themes, guiding adherents through a period of spiritual renewal and hope for a blessed year ahead.

Frequently Asked Questions About Rosh Hashanah

What is the meaning of Rosh Hashanah?

Rosh Hashanah means "Head of the Year" in Hebrew and is celebrated as the Jewish New Year. It is also known as the Day of Judgment (Yom Hadin) and the Day of Remembrance (Yom Hazikaron).

When exactly does Rosh Hashanah begin?

Rosh Hashanah officially begins on the 1st day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei. However, since a Jewish day begins at sundown, the holiday actually commences on the evening of the 29th, and last, day of the preceding month, Elul.

Why is Rosh Hashanah celebrated for two days?

Rosh Hashanah is unique among Jewish holidays as it is observed for two days universally, even in Israel. Historically, this was to account for uncertainties in sighting the new moon, which determined the start of the month. Spiritually, the two days are considered "Yoma Arichta" (one long day), emphasizing the profound importance and solemnity of the holiday.

What is the main purpose or significance of Rosh Hashanah?

Rosh Hashanah is a time for divine judgment, where God reviews the actions of all humanity. It is also the anniversary of creation, a day to reaffirm God's kingship, and the beginning of the Ten Days of Repentance leading up to Yom Kippur, providing an opportunity for spiritual introspection and renewal.